23 research outputs found
Uncovering nodes that spread information between communities in social networks
From many datasets gathered in online social networks, well defined community
structures have been observed. A large number of users participate in these
networks and the size of the resulting graphs poses computational challenges.
There is a particular demand in identifying the nodes responsible for
information flow between communities; for example, in temporal Twitter networks
edges between communities play a key role in propagating spikes of activity
when the connectivity between communities is sparse and few edges exist between
different clusters of nodes. The new algorithm proposed here is aimed at
revealing these key connections by measuring a node's vicinity to nodes of
another community. We look at the nodes which have edges in more than one
community and the locality of nodes around them which influence the information
received and broadcasted to them. The method relies on independent random walks
of a chosen fixed number of steps, originating from nodes with edges in more
than one community. For the large networks that we have in mind, existing
measures such as betweenness centrality are difficult to compute, even with
recent methods that approximate the large number of operations required. We
therefore design an algorithm that scales up to the demand of current big data
requirements and has the ability to harness parallel processing capabilities.
The new algorithm is illustrated on synthetic data, where results can be judged
carefully, and also on a real, large scale Twitter activity data, where new
insights can be gained
Examining collusion and voting biases between countries during the Eurovision song contest since 1957
The Eurovision Song Contest (ESC) is an annual event which attracts millions
of viewers. It is an interesting activity to examine since the participants of
the competition represent a particular country's musical performance that will
be awarded a set of scores from other participating countries based upon a
quality assessment of a performance. There is a question of whether the
countries will vote exclusively according to the artistic merit of the song, or
if the vote will be a public signal of national support for another country.
Since the competition aims to bring people together, any consistent biases in
the awarding of scores would defeat the purpose of the celebration of
expression and this has attracted researchers to investigate the supporting
evidence for biases. This paper builds upon an approach which produces a set of
random samples from an unbiased distribution of score allocation, and extends
the methodology to use the full set of years of the competition's life span
which has seen fundamental changes to the voting schemes adopted.
By building up networks from statistically significant edge sets of vote
allocations during a set of years, the results display a plausible network for
the origins of the culture anchors for the preferences of the awarded votes.
With 60 years of data, the results support the hypothesis of regional collusion
and biases arising from proximity, culture and other irrelevant factors in
regards to the music which that alone is intended to affect the judgment of the
contest.Comment: to be published in JASS
A model for dynamic communicators
We develop and test an intuitively simple dynamic network model to describe the type of time-varying connectivity structure present in many technological settings. The model assumes that nodes have an inherent hierarchy governing the emergence of new connections. This idea draws on newly established concepts in online human behaviour concerning the existence of discussion catalysts, who initiate long threads, and online leaders, who trigger feedback. We show that the model captures an important property found in e-mail and voice call data – ‘dynamic communicators’ with sufficient foresight or impact to generate effective links and having an influence that is grossly underestimated by static measures based on snaphots or aggregated data
Polarización en redes sociales ayuda a que los influencers tengan más influencia: análisis y dos estrategias de inoculación
Este trabajo explora simulaciones de debates polarizados desde una premisa general y teórica. Específicamente, trata sobre la existencia de una vía verosímil para un subgrupo en una red social en línea para encontrar un desacuerdo beneficioso y cuál podría ser ese beneficio. Se propone un marco metodológico que representa los factores clave que impulsan la participación en las redes sociales, incluida la acumulación iterativa de influencia y la dinámica para el tratamiento asimétrico de mensajes durante un desacuerdo. Se muestra que, antes de un evento de polarización, se logra una tendencia hacia una distribución más uniforme de relativa influencia, lo que entonces se invierte por el evento de polarización. Se debaten las razones de esta reversión y cómo tiene un análogo verosímil en los sistemas del mundo real. Además, se propone un par de estrategias de inoculación, cuyo objetivo es devolver la tendencia hacia una influencia uniforme entre los usuarios, mientras que se abstiene de violar la privacidad del usuario (por mantener el tema agnóstico) y de las operaciones de eliminación de usuarios.
 
Defining the Entropy and Internal Energy of a Monetary Schelling model through the Energy States of Individual Agents
This work investigates a modified Schelling model within the scope and aims
of Social Physics. The main purpose is to see if how the concepts of potential
and kinetic energy can be represented within a computational sociological
system. A monetary value is assigned to all the agents in the Monetary
Schelling model and a set of dynamics for how the money is spent upon agent
position changes and gradual loss. The introduction of the potential and
kinetic energy allows for the entropy to be calculated based upon the
distribution of the agent energies and as well as the internal energy of the
system at each time point. The results show how the movements of the agents
produce identity satisfactions with their neighbors decreasing the internal
energy of the system along with the decay in the monetary holdings. Simulations
are run where agents are provided monetary values at fixed intervals and this
causes a subset of the agents to mobilize and explore new positions for
satisfaction and increases the entropy with the internal energy removing the
system from the fixed point
Dynamic Network Centrality Summarizes Learning in the Human Brain
We study functional activity in the human brain using functional Magnetic
Resonance Imaging and recently developed tools from network science. The data
arise from the performance of a simple behavioural motor learning task.
Unsupervised clustering of subjects with respect to similarity of network
activity measured over three days of practice produces significant evidence of
`learning', in the sense that subjects typically move between clusters (of
subjects whose dynamics are similar) as time progresses. However, the high
dimensionality and time-dependent nature of the data makes it difficult to
explain which brain regions are driving this distinction. Using network
centrality measures that respect the arrow of time, we express the data in an
extremely compact form that characterizes the aggregate activity of each brain
region in each experiment using a single coefficient, while reproducing
information about learning that was discovered using the full data set. This
compact summary allows key brain regions contributing to centrality to be
visualized and interpreted. We thereby provide a proof of principle for the use
of recently proposed dynamic centrality measures on temporal network data in
neuroscience
Asymmetry through time dependency
Given a single network of interactions, asymmetry arises when the links are
directed. For example, if protein A upregulates protein B and protein B
upregulates protein C, then (in the absence of any further relationships between them) A
may affect C but not vice versa. This type of imbalance is reflected in the associated
adjacency matrix, which will lack symmetry. A different type of imbalance can arise when
interactions appear and disappear over time. If A meets B today and B meets C tomorrow,
then (in the absence of any further relationships between them) A may pass a message or
disease to C, but not vice versa. Hence, even when each interaction is a two-way exchange,
the effect of time ordering can introduce asymmetry. This observation is very closely
related to the fact that matrix multiplication is not commutative. In this work, we
describe a method that has been designed to reveal asymmetry in static networks and show
how it may be combined with a measure that summarizes the potential information flow
between nodes in the temporal case. This results in a new method that quantifies the
asymmetry arising through time ordering. We show by example that the new tool can be used
to visualize and quantify the amount of asymmetry caused by the arrow of time